[center][size="6"][u][b]Constitution Drafted[/b][/u][/size][/center]
Duke Alaric and the Regency Council gathered in the Ducal Palace in Riga today to review and approve the Constitution of the Duchy of Kurland. After some minor modifications, each attendee signed the Constitution, which will forevermore form the basis of Kurlandic Law.
[quote][b]Preamble[/b]
[i]We the People of the State of Kurland, in the interest of our lives, material welfare, and the expediency of good governance, do hereby establish the sovereign Duchy of Kurland.[/i]
[b]Section A: Sovereignty, The Monarch, and The Succession[/b]
Article I. Establishment of Sovereignty
The Duchy of Kurland hereby asserts her independence, and shall henceforth recognize no foreign ruler and tolerate no foreign influence upon her land. It is the duty of the Duke, Diet, and the Military to uphold the freedom of Kurland and defend it in peace and in war.
Article II. The Monarch
The Duke or Duchess is the supreme authority within Kurland, drawing that authority from the people, and represents the State personified. It is his or her duty to give their utmost effort for the betterment and protection of the State, and therefore, anything not specifically designated to another official falls to the Monarch. The Monarch appoints the Ministers of every department and the board of the High Court. The Monarch may not modify existing laws or enact new laws without it passing through the Diet.
Article III. The Succession
The Monarch shall be elected by a general election, and will rule until abdication or death. Upon death, a Regent from the administration will be appointed to oversee the election and govern the nation until the new Monarch is crowned. In order to be elected, an individual must be over the age of twenty-five, have held political office for five years or have served in the officer corps for at least two terms. A person who does not fulfill these requirements may still enter the running if a significant portion of the population indicates support for their campaign. A simple majority is required to win the election; if no single candidate received a majority, then the three Candidates with the most votes shall proceed to a second election, in which a mere plurality is required. In the event of a narrow victory, another Candidate or government official may call for a recount of the votes.
[b]
Section B: The Diet, The Chancellor, The Court, and The Regency[/b]
Article I. The Diet
The Diet is the legislative body of the Duchy, and shall be comprised of one house containing members from each County in Kurland. The Counties will be assigned one Legislator per one hundred thousand legal citizens. A Population Census should be conducted every five years to ensure fairness. Elections will also be held once every five years, and Candidates for each seat require approval from a majority of their County‘s Voters. All Legislators are bound to their County, and the Graf and County Councils may, at any time, call for the impeachment of one of their legislators, which requires 2/3 of the total vote to be successful. All members of the Diet are required to attend a Legislative Summons, which are issued by the Chancellor to call together the assembly. Any member of the Diet may propose legislation, though their motion must be endorsed by at least four other Legislators before going up for vote. All motions must achieve majority votes to pass, but will not come into effect until enacted by the Monarch. The Monarch is free to veto any legislation from the Diet, but a Ducal Veto may be overridden by a ¾ supermajority. The Monarch may also dismiss the Diet during a State of Emergency for a period of up to one year. At the end of this one year period, the Diet reassembles, and may repeal any laws enacted by the Monarch during that time.
Article II. The Chancellor
The Chancellor is the Head of Government and President of the Diet. He or she is elected by the General Populace to preside over assemblies of the Diet. He or she may call the Diet together at any time.
Article III. The Court
The High Court of the Duchy of Kurland will consist of a High Judge and a six-man Board of High Justices that shall preside over all national criminal cases and Constitutional debates. The High Judge is selected from amongst the Justices, and is the only one actively involved in the cases. The rest of the Justices observe the case and vote with the Judge on the verdict once all evidence has been presented. In criminal convictions, the Monarch may issue a Ducal Pardon to the convicted, usually with certain Terms of Pardon.
Article IV. The Regent
Upon the death of the Monarch, a Regent shall be appointed from the Ministries or the Military to preside over the next Ducal Election and govern the nation with limited authority until the end of those elections. The Regent must acquire legislative approval to exercise any of the Ducal powers.
[b]Section C. The People, The Military, and Party Politics[/b]
Article I. The People
The People are the source of the Government’s authority, and it is with their good blessings that the Government rules. The People vote for their members of the Diet, the Chancellor, and the Monarch, and as the People are the ones who put the Government in power, the Government is not permitted to pass any legislation that would interfere with the personal lives of the people. By accepting their position, each official recognizes that it is not the place of the Government to dictate how individuals live their lives.
Article II. The Military
The Military consists of the Kurlandic Army, Air Force, and Navy, and is the primary defense of the Duchy against foreign threats. The Military is subordinate to the Minister of Defense, who is in turn subordinate to the Duke. In the event of widespread dissent, or if an unpopular leader refuses to abdicate, it is the duty of the Military to topple the regime and rebuild it as the People demand.
Article III. Party Politics
Having recognized the problems that come of direct links between political parties and legislations and defining political parties as any organized group of individuals with similar religious, economic, or political goals, no political party shall receive official recognition from the Government, though they will not be explicitly banned unless found guilty of treason or conspiracy. Under no circumstances should this article be changed to allow for official recognition of political parties.
[b]
Section D. The Constitution[/b]
Article I. Amendments to the Constitution
The Duke, Chancellor, or any member of the Diet may, at any time, propose an amendment to the Constitution, which will require 2/3 approval from the Diet and the signature of the Duke. Any Amendment may be repealed by the High Judge within six months of passing if deemed unconstitutional. The Judge’s veto may be overturned in a national referendum, in which the People decide whether or not to pass the Amendment.
Article II. Suspending the Constitution
No government official may suspend or abolish the Constitution under any circumstance.
[b]Section E. The Basic Rights of the People[/b]
1. BASIC RIGHTS
Article I. (Protection of Human Dignity).
Human dignity shall be inviolable. To respect and protect it shall be the duty of all state authority.
The Kurlandic people therefore acknowledge inviolable and inalienable human rights as the basis of every community, of peace and of justice in the world.
The following basic rights shall bind the legislature, the executive, and the judiciary as directly applicable law.
Article II. (Rights of liberty - Personal Freedoms).
Every person shall have the right to free development of his personality insofar as he does not violate the rights of others or offend against the constitutional order.
Every person shall have the right to life and physical integrity. Freedom of the person shall be inviolable. These rights may be interfered with only pursuant to a law.
Article III. (Equality Before the Law).
All persons shall be equal before the law.
Men and women shall have equal rights. The state shall promote the actual implementation of equal rights for women and men and take steps to eliminate disadvantages that now exist.
No person shall be favored or disfavored because of sex, parentage, race, language, homeland and origin, faith, or religious or political opinions. No person shall be disfavored because of disability.
Article IV. (Freedom of Faith, of Conscience and of Creed).
Freedom of faith and of conscience, and freedom to profess a religious or philosophical creed, shall be inviolable.
The undisturbed practice of religion shall be guaranteed.
No person shall be compelled against his conscience to render military service involving the use of arms. Details shall be regulated by a federal law.
Article V. (Freedom of Expression).
Every person shall have the right freely to express and disseminate his opinions in speech, writing, and pictures and to inform himself without hindrance from generally accessible sources. Freedom of the press and freedom of reporting by means of broadcasts and films shall be guaranteed. There shall be no censorship.
These rights shall find their limits in the provisions of general laws, in provisions for the protection of young persons, and in the right to personal honor.
Art and scholarship, research, and teaching shall be free. The freedom of teaching shall not release any person from allegiance to the constitution.
Article VI. (Marriage and the Family; Children Born Outside of Marriage).
Marriage and the family shall enjoy the special protection of the state.
Marriage is defined as the union between any two consenting adults.
The care and upbringing of children is the natural right of parents and a duty primarily incumbent upon them. The state shall watch over them in the performance of this duty.
Children may be separated from their families against the will of their parents or guardians only pursuant to a law, and only if the parents or guardians fail in their duties or the children are otherwise in danger of serious neglect.
Every mother shall be entitled to the protection and care of the community.
Children born outside of marriage shall be provided by legislation with the same opportunities for physical and mental development and for their position in society as are enjoyed by those born within marriage.
Article VII. (School Education).
The entire school system shall be under the supervision of the state.
Parents and guardians shall have the right to decide whether children shall receive religious instruction.
Religious instruction shall form part of the regular curriculum in state schools, with the exception of non-denominational schools. Without prejudice to the state’s right of supervision, religious instruction shall be given in accordance with the tenets of the religious community concerned. Teachers may not be obliged against their will to give religious instruction.
The right to establish private schools shall be guaranteed. Private schools that serve as alternatives to state schools shall require the approval of the State and shall be subject to the laws of the Länder. Such approval shall be given when private schools are not inferior to the state schools in terms of their educational aims, their facilities, or the professional training of their teaching staff, and when segregation of pupils according to the means of their parents will not be encouraged thereby. Approval shall be withheld if the economic and legal position of the teaching staff is not adequately assured.
A private elementary school shall be approved only if the educational authority finds that it serves a special pedagogical interest or if, on the application of parents or guardians, it is to be established as a denominational or interdenominational school or as a school based on a particular philosophy and no state elementary school of that type exists in the municipality.
Preparatory schools shall remain abolished.
Article VIII. (Freedom of Assembly).
All Kurlanders shall have the right to assemble peacefully and unarmed without prior notification or permission.
In the case of outdoor assemblies, this right may be restricted by or pursuant to a law.
Article IX. (Freedom of Association).
All Kurlanders shall have the right to form corporations and other associations.
Associations whose aims or activities contravene the criminal laws, or that are directed against the constitutional order or the concept of international understanding, shall be prohibited.
The right to form associations to safeguard and improve working and economic conditions shall be guaranteed to every individual and to every occupation or profession. Agreements that restrict or seek to impair this right shall be null and void; measures directed to this end shall be unlawful. Measures taken pursuant to Article 12a, to paragraphs (2) and (3) of Article 35, to paragraph (4) of Article 87a, or to Article 91 may not be directed against industrial disputes engaged in by associations within the meaning of the first sentence of this paragraph in order to safeguard and improve working and economic conditions.
Article X. (Privacy of Correspondence, Posts, and Telecommunications).
he privacy of correspondence, posts and telecommunications shall be inviolable.
Restrictions may be ordered only pursuant to a law. If the restriction serves to protect the free democratic basic order or the existence or security of the Federation or of a Land, the law may provide that the person affected shall not be informed of the restriction and that recourse to the courts shall be replaced by a review of the case by agencies and auxiliary agencies appointed by the legislature.
Article XI. (Freedom of Movement).
All Kurlanders shall have the right to move freely throughout the federal territory.
This right may be restricted only by or pursuant to a law, and only in cases in which the absence of adequate means of support would result in a particular burden for the community, or in which such restriction is necessary to avert an imminent danger to the existence or the free democratic basic order of the Federation or of a Land, to combat the danger of an epidemic, to respond to a grave accident or natural disaster, to protect young persons from serious neglect, or to prevent crime.
Article XII. (Occupational Freedom; Prohibition of Forced Labor).
All Kurlanders shall have the right freely to choose their occupation or profession, their place of work, and their place of training. The practice of an occupation or profession may be regulated by or pursuant to a law.
No person may be required to perform work of a particular kind except within the framework of a traditional duty of community service that applies generally and equally to all.
Forced labor may be imposed only on persons deprived of their liberty by the judgment of a court.
Article XIII. (Compulsory Military or Alternative Service)
Men who have attained the age of eighteen may be required to serve in the Armed Forces, in the Ducal Border Police, or in a civil defense organization.
Any person who, on grounds of conscience, refuses to render military service involving the use of arms may be required to perform alternative service. The duration of alternative service shall not exceed that of military service. Details shall be regulated by a law, which shall not interfere with the freedom to make a decision in accordance with the dictates of conscience, and which shall also provide for the possibility of alternative service not connected with units of the Armed Forces or of the Ducal Border Police.
Persons liable to compulsory military service who are not called upon to render service pursuant to paragraph (1) or (2) of this Article may, when a state of defense is in effect, be assigned by or pursuant to a law to employment involving civilian services for defense purposes, including the protection of the civilian population; they may be assigned to public employment only for the purpose of discharging police functions or such other sovereign functions of public administration as can be discharged only by persons employed in the public service. The employment contemplated by the first sentence of this paragraph may include services within the Armed Forces, in the provision of military supplies, or with public administrative authorities; assignments to employment connected with supplying and servicing the civilian population shall be permissible only to meet their basic requirements or to guarantee their safety.
If, during a state of defense, the need for civilian services in the civilian health system or in stationary military hospitals cannot be met on a voluntary basis, women between the ages of eighteen and fifty-five may be called upon to render such services by or pursuant to a law. Under no circumstances may they render service involving the use of arms.
Prior to the existence of a state of defense, assignments under paragraph (3) of this Article may be made only if the requirements of paragraph (1) of Article 80a are met. In preparation for the provision of services under paragraph (3) of this Article that demand special knowledge or skills, participation in training courses may be required by or pursuant to a law. In this case the first sentence of this paragraph shall not apply.
If, during a state of defense, the need for workers in the areas specified in the second sentence of paragraph (3) of this Article cannot be met on a voluntary basis, the right of Kurlandic citizens to abandon their occupation or place of employment may be restricted by or pursuant to a law in order to meet this need. Prior to the existence of a state of defense, the first sentence of paragraph (5) of this Article shall apply mutatis mutandis.
Article XIV. (Inviolability of the Home).
The home is inviolable.
Searches may be authorized only by a judge or, when time is of the essence, by other authorities designated by the laws, and may be carried out only in the manner therein prescribed.
If particular facts justify the suspicion that any person has committed an especially serious crime specifically defined by a law, technical means of acoustical surveillance of any home in which the suspect is supposedly staying may be employed pursuant to judicial order for the purpose of prosecuting the offense, provided that alternative methods of investigating the matter would be disproportionately difficult or unproductive. The authorization shall be for a limited time. The order shall be issued by a panel composed of three judges. When time is of the essence, it may also be issued by a single judge.
To avert acute dangers to public safety, especially dangers to life or to the public, technical means of surveillance of the home may be employed only pursuant to judicial order. When time is of the essence, such measures may also be ordered by other authorities designated by a law; a judicial decision shall subsequently be obtained without delay.
If technical means are contemplated solely for the protection of persons officially deployed in a home, the measure may be ordered by an authority designated by a law. The information thereby obtained may be otherwise used only for purposes of criminal prosecution or to avert danger and only if the legality of the measure has been previously determined by a judge; when time is of the essence, a judicial decision shall subsequently be obtained without delay.
The Ducal Government shall report to the Landtag annually as to the employment of technical means pursuant to paragraph (3) and, within the jurisdiction of the Federation, pursuant to paragraph (4) and, insofar as judicial approval is required, pursuant to paragraph (5) of this Article. A panel elected by the Diet shall exercise parliamentary control on the basis of this report. A comparable parliamentary control shall be afforded by the Länder.
Interferences and restrictions shall otherwise only be permissible to avert a danger to the public or to the life of an individual, or, pursuant to a law, to confront an acute danger to public safety and order, in particular to relieve a housing shortage, to combat the danger of an epidemic, or to protect young persons at risk.
Article XV. (Property, Inheritance, Expropriation)
Property and the right of inheritance shall be guaranteed. Their content and limits shall be defined by the laws.
Property entails obligations. Its use shall also serve the public good.
Expropriation shall only be permissible for the public good. It may only be ordered by or pursuant to a law that determines the nature and extent of compensation. Such compensation shall be determined by establishing an equitable balance between the public interest and the interests of those affected. In case of dispute respecting the amount of compensation, recourse may be had to the ordinary courts..
Article XVI. (Socialization).
Land, natural resources, and means of production may for the purpose of socialization be transferred to public ownership or other forms of public enterprise by a law that determines the nature and extent of compensation. With respect to such compensation the third and fourth sentences of paragraph (3) of Article 14 shall apply mutatis mutandis.
Article XVII. (Citizenship; Extradition).
No Kurlander may be deprived of his citizenship. Citizenship may be lost only pursuant to a law, and against the will of t
No Kurlander may be extradited to a foreign country.
Article XVIII. (Right of Asylum)
Persons persecuted on political grounds shall have the right of asylum.
Paragraph (1) of this Article may not be invoked by a person who enters the ducal territory from a member state of the European Communities or from another third state in which application of the Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees and of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms is assured. The states outside the European Communities to which the criteria of the first sentence of this paragraph apply shall be specified by a law requiring the consent of the Diet. In the cases specified in the first sentence of this paragraph, measures to terminate an applicant’s stay may be implemented without regard to any legal challenge that may have been instituted against them.
By a law requiring the consent of the Diet, states may be specified in which, on the basis of their laws, enforcement practices, and general political conditions, it can be safely concluded that neither political persecution nor inhuman or degrading punishment or treatment exists. It shall be presumed that a foreigner from such a state is not persecuted, unless he presents evidence justifying the conclusion that, contrary to this presumption, he is persecuted on political grounds.
In the cases specified by paragraph (3) of this Article and in other cases that are plainly unfounded or considered to be plainly unfounded, the implementation of measures to terminate an applicant’s stay may be suspended by a court only if serious doubts exist as to their legality; the scope of review may be limited, and tardy objections may be disregarded. Details shall be determined by a law.
Paragraphs (1) through (4) of this Article shall not preclude the conclusion of international agreements of member states of the European Communities with each other or with those third states which, with due regard for the obligations arising from the Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees and the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, whose enforcement must be assured in the contracting states, adopt rules conferring jurisdiction to decide on applications for asylum, including the reciprocal recognition of asylum decisions.
Article XIX. (Right of Petition).
Every person shall have the right individually or jointly with others to address written requests or complaints to competent authorities and to the legislature.
Article XX. (Restriction of Certain Basic Rights by Laws Respecting Defense and Alternative Service).
Laws respecting military and alternative service may provide that the basic right of members of the Armed Forces and of alternative service freely to express and disseminate their opinions in speech, writing, and pictures (first clause of paragraph (1) of Article 5), the basic right of assembly (Article 8), and the right of petition (Article 17) insofar as it permits the submission of requests or complaints jointly with others, be restricted during their period of military or alternative service.
Laws respecting defense, including protection of the civilian population, may provide for restriction of the basic rights of freedom of movement (Article 11) and inviolability of the home (Article 13).
Article XXI. (Forfeiture of Basic Rights).
Whoever abuses the freedom of expression, in particular the freedom of the press (paragraph (1) of Article 5), the freedom of teaching (paragraph (3) of Article 5), the freedom of assembly (Article 8), the freedom of association (Article 9), the privacy of correspondence, posts and telecommunications (Article 10), the rights of property (Article 14), or the right of asylum (Article 16a) in order to combat the free democratic basic order shall forfeit these basic rights. This forfeiture and its extent shall be declared by the High Court.
Article XXII. (Restriction of Basic Rights).
Insofar as, under this Basic Law, a basic right may be restricted by or pursuant to a law, such law must apply generally and not merely to a single case. In addition, the law must specify the basic right affected and the Article in which it appears.
In no case may the essence of a basic right be affected.
The basic rights shall also apply to domestic artificial persons to the extent that the nature of such rights permits.
Should any person’s rights be violated by public authority, he may have recourse to the courts. If no other jurisdiction has been established, recourse shall be to the ordinary courts. The second sentence of paragraph (2) of Article 10 shall not be affected by this paragraph.[/quote]
[size="6"][u][b][center]Elections to Be Held![/center][/b][/u][/size]
With the Constitution passed, the Regency has agreed to begin the first elections immediately. Until the Diet is sworn in, the Regency shall retain their Provisional powers.
OOC: Will make a separate election thread.
