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Zapadnaya Respublika Parliament


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The National Gendarmerie Act (20XX)
 
The Zapadnayan Police Force (ZPF) shall be reconstituted as the Zapadnayan Gendarmerie and shall no longer be subordinated to the Army Homefront Command.
 
The Zapadnayan Border Police (ZBP) shall be reconstituted as the Zapadnayan Frontier Guard Corps (ZFGC) and shall be an independent agency under the indirect control of the Presidency.
 
In order to fully support the work of the Gendarmerie, the government has elected to undertake the following:
 
-Zapadnaya shall be divided into police districts on the basis of population and security requirements.
 
-All policing powers previously granted to the Zapadnayan Police Force (ZPF) remain in place and are granted to the Gendarmerie alongside any additional powers granted to the organization by Parliament.
 
-The policing of all areas of Zapadnaya which do not fall under the jurisdiction of the Diplomatic Security Force (DSF) or the Military Police (MP) shall be considered the sole responsibility of the Gendarmerie.
 
-The responsibility to ensure crowd control at protests and events shall also lie with the Gendarmerie.
 
-The provision of security for government buildings, with the exception of the Office of the Presidency, shall be the responsibility of the Gendarmerie.
 
-The provision of security at Zapadnayan ports of entry, including land borders, airports and the eastern coastline shall be the duty of the Frontier Guard Corps.
 
-The Gendarmerie shall be subordinated to the Ministry of Interior and shall form a command structure as specified in the 8th of June Memorandum.
 
-The Frontier Guard Corps shall be under the de facto authority of the Ministry of Interior, but shall be de jure under the authority of the Presidency.
 
-The National Draft Law (1955) shall be amended to permit some categories of draftees to complete their military service in the Gendarmerie instead of the Armed Forces of Zapadnaya.
 
 
===
Status: Debate Senate Debate Approved [Introduced by Justice & Development Party (JDP)]
Votes: 499 Yea, 0 Nay, 1 Abstentions
Votes (Senate): 95 Yea, 2 Nay, 3 Abstentions
Signed by President: Y
Edited by Imperator Azenquor
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***Classified/Closed session of Parliament***

 

The Closed Administrative Territorial Unit (CATU) Act [Classified]
 
In the interests of maintaining secrecy and national security, particularly in these perilous times, the government has decided to undertake the following:
 
-The creation of Closed Administrative Territorial Units (CATUs) at the discretion of the Ministry of Defense and the Office of the Presidency.
 
-The creation of a legal framework to restrict access to CATUs and to create judicial penalties for entry into a CATU by an unauthorized individual.
 
-The creation of a security framework to secure CATUs and to control the entry and exit of individuals.
 
-The creation of legal penalties for representing any CATU on a map or drawing, naming a CATU, photographing the exterior checkpoints of a CATU, or any action which constitutes an attempt to aid in the location of a CATU.
 
-Any attempt by a foreign national to locate, enter, identify or photograph a CATU shall be considered an act of espionage and shall be dealt with under the respective criminal act.
 
===
Status: Debate Senate Debate Approved [Introduced by Justice & Development Party (JDP)]
Votes: 450 Yea, 20 Nay, 30 Abstentions
Votes (Senate): 99 Yea, 1 Nay, 0 Abstentions
Signed by President: Y
Edited by Imperator Azenquor
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Proposal to amend the Treason, Secession and Sedition Act (The New Treason Act)

 

In light of developments in Europe, particularly the attempted Bohemian unilateral secession from Alvonia, we hereby propose to repeal the Treason, Secession and Sedition Act (1952) and to replace the said act with the following law:

 

-Zapadnaya is a unitary, united, and indivisible state and shall remain so.

 

-This Act defines an act of sedition as any of the following:

·       Any act which aims to excite disaffection, hatred or contempt for the legitimate government of Zapadnaya or any official thereof

·       Any act which aims to excite disaffection, hatred or contempt for the legitimate government of Zapadnaya among the population of Zapadnaya or any part thereof.

·       Any act which aims to promote, expand or incite hatred, ill-will or hostility between different ethnic groups in Zapadnaya

·       Any act which seeks to call into question the legitimacy of the legitimately constituted government of Zapadnaya or the Constitution of Zapadnaya as the document from which the Zapadnayan government draws its authority.

·       Any act which aims to promote the separation of a part of the sovereign territory of Zapadnaya in a unilateral and unconstitutional manner.

·       Seeking to constitute or cause to be constituted an authority which seeks to replace the legitimate government of Zapadnaya or to coopt the authority of the legitimate government.

 

-The following acts are not to be deemed as seditious under the terms of this act:

·       To question the actions of the government of Zapadnaya or to state the belief that an action (or actions) of any agent of the government of Zapadnaya were mistaken or illegal.

·       To point out errors or deficiencies in the Constitution of Zapadnaya as specified in the Constitution or to point out errors or deficiencies in governance.

·       To persuade the citizens of Zapadnaya to attempt to procure by lawful means the alteration of any matter in Zapadnaya or to point out, with a view to their removal, any matters producing or having a tendency to produce enmity or ill-will between different ethnic groups which constitute the Zapadnayan population.

 

-This Act defines treason as follows:

·       Attempting to hinder the legitimate transfer of power between officials in the legitimate government of Zapadnaya through unlawful means.

·       Attempting to by unlawful means force the President of the Republic from office.

·       Attempting to, by unlawful means, force any duly appointed or elected government official from office.

·       Attempting to arrange, incite, organize or seek the organization of an invasion of the territory of Zapadnaya by a foreign power.

·       Attempting to wage war against the Zapadnayan state.

·       Participating in, conducting or facilitating acts of espionage, sabotage or aggression (of a covert or overt nature) against the Zapadnayan state.

·       Seeking to, by unlawful force, coerce any agent of government to discharge his/her duties under duress.

·       Attempting to harm the President, Vice-President, Senator, Member of Parliament or any Government Minister or Military Officer.

·       Aiding the enemy during a war or refusing to be drafted into the Armed Forces during wartime without just cause. (as defined in the Legitimate Draft Objection Act (1999))

 

===

Status: Debate Senate Debate Approved [Introduced by Justice & Development Party (JDP)]

Votes: 342 Yea, 146 Nay, 12 Abstentions

Votes (Senate): 58 Yea, 24 Nay, 10 Abstentions

Signed by President: Y

Edited by Imperator Azenquor
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Proposal to Amend the Child Naming Law (1946) (Child Naming Law Amendment)
 
Whereas the registration of names of children born in Zapadnaya to Zapadnayan citizens has thus far been at the discretion of hospital staff working in conjunction with the wishes of the parents of said child, the government hereby amends the Child Naming Law as follows:
 
-Section 2.4 which states that ‘the name of a child shall be determined by his or her parents though hospital staff have discretion in the refusal to register a child with a name that they believe to be deliberately spiteful. In such cases the parent may register the child under his/her chosen name at the relevant government ministry’ shall be removed.
 
-Section 2.4 shall be amended to read as follows: ‘the name of a child shall be determined by his or her parents. Should the parents decide to select an eccentric or unusual name for their child the National Council for the Naming of Offspring (NCNO) shall reserve the right to block registration of the child under that name pending an investigation. Should the NCNO deem the name to be inappropriate or suggest that the name will have a detrimental impact on the wellbeing of the child, the NCNO has the right to insist that the parents choose another name’
 
-Section 2.4 b) shall be added to the Child Naming Law as follows: ‘Should a parent whose chosen name run afoul of the NCNO and should that parent refuse to select a more appropriate name for their child, the NCNO reserves the right to select a name from an approved list and assign the name to said child and to register him/her under that name. In such cases the NCNO shall levy a fine on the parents equal to not less than 2% of their annual salary after taxes.
 
===
Status: Debate Senate Debate Approved [Introduced by Justice & Development Party (JDP)]
Votes: 451 Yea, 49 Nay, 0 Abstentions
Votes (Senate): 58 Yea, 2 Nay, 40 Abstentions
Signed by President: Y
Edited by Imperator Azenquor
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National Housing Centralization & Privatization Act (20XX)
 
Recognizing the current housing situation in Zapadnaya as being increasingly unsustainable and untenable in the long term, and recognizing the fact that 79.6% of residences are owned (directly or indirectly) by the state, the government hereby undertakes the following reforms to the housing system:
 
-All public housing which is currently under the administration of provincial and regional authorities shall be placed under the direct administration of the central government.
 
-To facilitate the effective management and administration of public housing, the government creates the National Property and Land Agency (NPLA) and devolves to said agency all powers of administration transferred from the provincial and regional authorities.
 
-The National Property and Land Agency (NPLA) shall be granted the authority to eject from any property under its administration any tenant who for any reason fails to pay his or her rent in full.
 
-The National Property and Land Agency (NPLA) shall be granted the sole authority to sell any property under its administration to a private purchaser or commercial entity provided that the purchaser or entity is a local individual or entity.
 
-The National Property and Land Agency (NPLA) shall be given the legal protection to exercise the aforementioned right of sale regardless of the objection of the tenant(s) or any legal action taken by said tenant(s).
 
-The Rent Limitation Act (2003) is hereby repealed in its entirety. The National Property and Land Agency (NPLA) is therefore able to independently adjust public housing rent charges to sustainable levels.
 
-Where housing under administration of the National Property and Land Agency (NPLA) is found to be below standard, it shall be the obligation of the NPLA to undertake the demolition of said property without delay.
 
-It shall be the mandate of the National Property and Land Agency (NPLA) to undertake the privatization of at least 8.2% of the properties under its administration over the next four years.
 
===
Status: Debate Senate Debate Approved [Introduced by Justice & Development Party (JDP)]
Votes: 342 Yea, 158 Nay, 0 Abstentions
Votes (Senate): 51 Yea, 38 Nay, 11 Abstentions
Signed by President: Y
Edited by Imperator Azenquor
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The ‘National Housing Centralization & Privatization Act (20XX)’ and the ‘Proposal to Amend the Child Naming Law (1946) (Child Naming Law Amendment)’ have been approved by the Parliament and the Senate and have been signed into law by H.E. the President.

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Zapadnaya National Budget Summary:
ZapadBudgetExpd2_zpse0916e7e.png
 
Total Projected Expenditures: Z$396.5 Billion
Total Projected Revenues: Z$401.18 Billion
Budget Deficit/Surplus: +Z$4.68 Billion
Total Outstanding Debt: Z$202.47 Billion
 
Revised Rates of Taxation
 

Income Tax

< Z$18,000 Rate: 9.5%

Z$18,001 to Z$37,000 Rate: 17.5%

Z$37,001 to Z$80,000 Rate: 27.5%

Z$80,001 to Z$100,000 Rate: 33.3%

Z$100,001 to Z$200,000 Rate: 43.5%

Above Z$200,001 Rate: 58.5%

 

V.A.T. Rate: 8.0% (General), 11.8% (luxury goods)

Corporate Tax Rates: 26%

Capital Gains Tax: 22% (Ceiling)

Inheritance Tax: 23.8%

National Insurance Tax: 1.50%

 

Customs/Import Taxes:

Preferential Rate: 12% (General), 14% (Luxury Goods)

General Rate: 18% (General), 19.5% (Luxury Goods)

Hostile State Rate: 28% (General), 35% (Luxury Goods)

Enemy State Rate: 109% (General), 173% (Luxury Goods)

 

==
Status: Debate Approved
Votes: 342 Yea, 145 Nay, 1 Abstentions
Edited by Imperator Azenquor
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***Classified/Closed Session of Parliament***
 
Resolution declaring a State of Emergency in Zapadnaya
 
In light of significantly rising tensions in Europe and the heightened risk of the outbreak of armed conflict affecting the Balkan region, the government of Zapadnaya has decided to immediately undertake the following:
 
-A State of Emergency is hereby proclaimed in all provinces and regions of Zapadnaya beginning at 1400ZST this afternoon until such a time as the Parliament decides to revoke this proclamation.
 
-The Parliament hereby invokes Sections 1.3 and 1.5 of the Continuity of Government Act. All key government institutions shall move to their secondary locations without delay.
 
-Under the terms of the Civil Airspace Alert System, all international flights scheduled to arrive at airports in Zapadnaya after 1400ZST this afternoon are cancelled without exception. 
 
-Outbound international flights destined for adjacent countries (i.e. Romania, Yugoslavia, Sparta and Russia) will depart on schedule. Outbound international flights to non-adjacent countries are cancelled without exception. (Despite these restrictions, Zapadnayan airspace remains open for civilian overflights through established civilian air transit corridors).
 
===

Status: Approved
Votes: 500 Yea, 0 Nay, 0 Abstention

 

(OOC Note: Edited due to the war being wiped)

Edited by Imperator Azenquor
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The Foreign Ministry would issue a public statement:

 

***Public Directive from the Ministry of Foreign Affairs***

 

Due to the rising tensions in Europe, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs urgently requests that all Zapadnayan citizens currently located outside of the country, particularly those located in other European countries, return to Zapadnaya immediately.

 

Any citizen who is unable to do so must contact his or her nearest Zapadnayan Embassy without delay. Embassy staff are prepared to assist in making the necessary travel arrangements for citizens outside of the country.

 

(OOC Note: Edited due to the war being wiped. Border closure did not occur)

Edited by Imperator Azenquor
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Military Manpower Mobilization Act

 

In order to boost the pool of manpower available for the construction of additional security and defense projects, the government of Zapadnaya approves the following:

 

-The control of all private and public construction firms shall temporarily pass to the Ministry of Defense during wartime.

 

-The government retains the right to repurpose and redirect any portion or the entirety of the Zapadnayan labor force to projects determined to be in the national interest.

 

-Individuals who are redirected to projects while holding positions with private employers are required to be fully compensated by said employers.

 

-In the use of this act, the government pledges not to relocated individuals from extremely vital areas such as health and food production as doing so would have a detrimental impact on the wellbeing of the nation.

 

-The government hereby pledges that this act shall not be utilized except as an emergency during conflict.

 

===

Status: Approved

Votes: 490 Yea, 9 Nay, 1 Abstention

 

(OOC Note: Edited due to the war being wiped)

Edited by Imperator Azenquor
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***Ministry of Foreign Affairs Report (Classified)***

 

The Ministry of Foreign Affairs has, after careful verification with our diplomatic and Interior Ministry staff, determined that there are currently no citizens of Zapadnaya present in the following countries:

 

-Alvonia

-Belarus

-Cisalpina

-France

-Hungary-Slovakia

-Japan/EAI

-Northlands

-Sverige

-Sparta

-United Kingdom

 

In light of the possible outbreak of conflict in Europe, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs confirms that any Zapadnayan citizens who were previously visiting the following countries have safely returned home:

 

-Muscovy

-Romania

-Yugoslavia

 

The Ministry of Foreign Affairs is continuing to carefully monitor the situation and will issue periodic reports.

 

(OOC Note: Edited due to the war being wiped)

Edited by Imperator Azenquor
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Private Diplomatic Transmission, 1028 bit standard security encryption

[hr]

 

To the Minister of Foreign Affairs of Zapadnaya,

 

We do not typically keep intense track of visitors to our nation, but should you have any citizens here we would recommend you recall them for their safety. There are continuing escalations in the region with our neighbors over seemingly irresolvable disputes. We would not wish any of your people harm. Therefore we are sending you this notice just as a formal recommendation for their safety. We will facilitate the safe return of any citizens you may know of that could be abroad in our nation at your and their request.

 

Regards,

Yun Li

Druk Yul MOFA

Edited by Maelstrom Vortex
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The message from Druk Yul would be forwarded to the Office of the Presidency. The Presidency would send an internal memo to the Zapadnayan Foreign Ministry in response:

 

***Zapadnaya Internal Memorandum (Private)***

 

To: Min. FA.

Fr: Presidency

Re: Druk Yul

 

The Presidency, in conjunction with the Interior Ministry, has determined that no Zapadnayan citizens traveled to, applied for visas to travel to, or indicated an intention to travel to Druk Yul since the Foreign Ministry downgraded the travel classification for that state. We can also confirm that no citizen of Druk Yul has been permitted to enter Zapadnaya.

 

The notion that the government of Druk Yul is in a position to 'recommend' to us actions to take in order to ensure the safety of our citizens is breathtakingly laughable.

 

We recommend that the Foreign Ministry not waste any time drafting a response or an acknowledgement of the Druk Yul message. Also, it is the view of the Presidency that all messages from Druk Yul are to be ignored unless the message is an unreserved apology for the blasphemous cult they have unleashed on mankind.

 

-P. Dragomirov

 

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  • 2 weeks later...
  • 3 weeks later...

Resolution Lifting the State of Emergency

 

In light of the improving regional and international situation, and upon the advice of H.E. the President, the Parliament hereby lifts the State of Emergency in effect across Zapadnaya.

 

The Parliament would also like to take the opportunity to praise the sterling efforts of the Zapadnaya Frontier Guard Corps and the Gendarmerie as they work tirelessly to secure the country and it's borders.

 

===

Status: Approved

Votes: 499 Yea, 0 Nay, 1 Abstention

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  • 1 month later...

Address by Prime Minister Iskra Grigorova

 

Colleagues, Members of the National Assembly, good afternoon.

 

I have requested this meeting of the National Assembly in order to explain the full crisis facing Zapadnaya, explain the background of the perceived inaction on the part of the government and to explain the way forward. Throughout, I would urge the members of this August assembly to recall the purpose for which we have been elected and to recall who we are called to serve.

 

First, regarding the economic crisis. The collapse of several states in Europe, most particularly our neighbor the Kingdom of Yugoslavia, has had a detrimental effect on our national economy. Our economy had still not fully recovered from the blows dealt to it by the extreme international tensions which held Europe hostage in the not too distant past, when it was dealt this new blow. In less than a month, our overseas trade declined by no less than 31% as the Yugoslav market simply disappeared and other trade with Europe declined sharply. Almost overnight, our manufacturers were faced with sharply increasing costs and a decline in demand for their products overseas. A handful of manufacturers who had undertaken new debt in order to expand exports into the Former Yugoslavia and beyond suddenly found themselves in serious financial difficulties. Some of these firms were those which were only recently privatized under the previous government’s reform program.

 

Given the role of these newly privatized manufacturers in providing jobs for many citizens of this country, the firms contacted the government and requested discussions on the creation of a financial support mechanism to aid them through this difficult time. The government, which had dedicated itself to maintaining fiscal and budgetary stability in the short and medium term, was forced to decide whether or not to take on a mountain of new debt in order to aid these private companies to overcome their financial difficulties.  The lowest estimate of this debt was approximately Z$167.92 Billion over two years. The Justice & Development Party (JDP) holds the view that sending the country into even deeper debt in order to aid a handful of private firms which were privatized on the precise basis that the government would not be there to bail them out is a mistake which would undermine our national fiscal discipline and would create an alarming precedent. We therefore decided that we would not extend loan facilities to any non-essential industry or to any private company that is facing fiscal trouble.

 

Our position was immediately and strongly condemned by our coalition partners in the Republican People’s Party (RPP). Our colleagues insisted that the failure to save the private firms would bring about the apocalyptic end of the modern Zapadnayan economy and would ‘strangle capitalism’. The RPP then informed the government that they would reject any budget which did not include the creation of a bailout fund that was fully funded for the next three years. Such a fund would cost the government Z$503.76 billion in funds that would have to be allocated. As if a ploy to further complicate matters, the RPP insisted that we would not be permitted to include any new taxes in the new budget. With the government placed in an impossible situation, our colleagues then sought to use the threat of national economic peril to negotiate a budget so far removed from reality that we had no choice but to resoundingly reject it.

 

During this period, despite the economic downturn continuing and the government seemingly paralyzed, we reached out to our coalition colleagues and offered a series of compromises which failed to sway them. Our pleas for action fell on deaf ears as our colleagues refused to even consider any reasonable offer. As Prime Minister, I then took it upon myself to meet with the heads of all political factions in the National Assembly to discuss the situation. I therefore held one on one meetings with the leadership of the Socialist Party (SP) and with the leadership of the European Future Party (EFP). Both party leaders agreed that something must be done and that the government cannot sit on the sidelines watching this economic crisis unfold. The leadership of the European Future Party (EFP) suggested that cross party negotiations be held on the budget which would allow us to approve a budget even without the support of the RPP. I declined the offer and suggested that doing so would prove that my government had lost supply and was unable to have a budget approved in the National Assembly.

 

I made a counter offer of a new coalition between my party and the European Future Party (EFP) to form a coalition with a large enough majority to get things done, but it was felt that this would go against what the Zapadnayan people voted for at the last elections. I also offered to resign in order to permit the EFP to attempt to form a new coalition to govern the country, however the EFP indicated that it would not be able to easily form such a coalition. After careful consideration of the situation and the need to act, I met with Cabinet and I decided upon the following course of action.

 

At noon today, I formally sent a written request to His Excellency President Paskal Dragomirov asking for a dissolution of the National Assembly and for a snap election without delay. I explained the situation in detail to H.E. the President and explained why I felt that such action had become inevitable. The President agreed to examine the request and make an appropriate determination by 5pm today. If the President approves my request, the National Assembly will be dissolved but the Senate shall remain in place for the duration of its normal term.

 

Finally I would like to discuss the way forward. Should the people give us a strong mandate to respond to this crisis, we pledge to undertake the following initiatives:

-The diversification of exports to a wider array of nations and to aid companies in seeking new export opportunities overseas.

-The increase in our bilateral trade with our Romanian neighbors and the exploration of greater areas of cooperation.

-The elimination of government subsidies for unprofitable economic sectors and industries.

-A reduction of 10% in public sector expenditure over a three year period

-A pledge to increase tax revenues without placing the burden on those least able to pay.

 

There are difficult times ahead for our nation. And the importance of this election cannot and must not be understated. There is an important choice to be made, and it will be up to the people of Zapadnaya to decide.

 

I therefore table a non-binding motion expressing support for my request to H.E. the President to dissolve the legislature.

 

Thank you.

 

===

 

Non-binding vote on Assembly dissolution & Snap election

 

This Honorable Assembly expresses its support for the decision of the Prime Minister to seek a dissolution of this body in order to hold an emergency election in order to address the unprecedented economic situation facing our nation today.

 

 

===

Status: Approved

Votes: 443 Yea, 57 Nay, 0 Abstention

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  • 2 months later...

Confidence motion in the 4th Cabinet of Zapadnaya

 

Prime Minister: Nikolai Genadiev [SP]

Deputy Prime Minister: Timofei Sokoloff [SP]

 

Minister of Foreign Affairs: Timofei Sokoloff [SP]

Minister of Defense & Armaments: Sevastian Markov [SP]

Minister of Justice & Judicial Reform: Miroslav Markov [SP]

Minister of Science, Labor & Industry: Maksim Pasternak [SP]

Minister of the Interior & Urban Planning: Nikita Matveev [SP]

Minister of Finance & Economy: Vitaly Todorov [SP]


Minister of Health, Education & Family Policy: Yevgeniy Popov [SP]

 

===
Status: Approved
Votes (Parliament): 259 Yea, 163 Nay, 78 Abstentions
Edited by Imperator Azenquor
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  • 1 month later...

***Ruling of the Constitutional Court of Zapadnaya regarding the clarification requested by the Office of His Excellency the President regarding the Constitutional authorities vested in the aforementioned office vis a vis the approval or rejection of supply bills, the extent of the aforementioned office’s ability to make appointments and the eligibility of the current holder of the aforementioned office***

 

It is the unanimous finding of the Constitutional Court of Zapadnaya that the authority vested in the Office of the President to impede the passage of legislation originating from the National Assembly or Senate under the provisions of Article 42 does not apply to supply bills originating from the National Assembly. Such supply bills, as stipulated in Article 34 of the Constitution, are only required to be approved by the National Assembly before being enacted into law.

 

It is the finding of the majority of the Constitutional Court of Zapadnaya that the authority vested in the Office of the President to appoint the Ministers of Defense, Armaments and the Interior under Article 46 of the Constitution of Zapadnaya is not a symbolic authority. While Article 46 mentions that the appointment of the relevant Ministers of the aforementioned government Ministries should be made ‘by consultation with the Prime Minister’ the article does not require the approval of the Prime Minister to proceed to appoint individuals to the previously mentioned Ministerial posts. The Constitutional Court also wishes to state that appointments made under the powers of Article 46 cannot be revoked during the term of a National Assembly.

 

It is the unanimous finding of the Constitutional Court of Zapadnaya that Article 37, which stipulates the eligibility criteria to serve as President of the Republic, does in fact require that an individual who has put him or herself forward for election to the Presidency must not have ties with political parties and may not hold political office prior to being elected to the Presidency. It has become clear to the Constitutional Court that Article 37 fails to define what constitutes ‘ties with political parties’ sufficient to render an individual ineligible to run for or be elected to the Presidency of the Republic. Accordingly, the Constitutional Court hereby defines ‘ties’ with a political party as follows:

 

An individual is said to have ties to a political party if said individual, at the time of his or her nomination as a candidate for the Presidency, is a registered member of a political party or organization 

 

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